As the Spring Festival came to a close this year, people who were still immersed in the joy of the "Firecrackers One Year Old" celebration witnessed a positive transformation: the concept of safety and environmental protection is gradually becoming a central theme in the production of fireworks. Today's environmentally friendly and safer fireworks are no longer just an alternative—they have become the main players in the market. The once-pungent smell of gunpowder has been replaced by clearer skies and cleaner air.
According to reports, over 60 types of flammable agents and oxidizers are involved in traditional fireworks production. These materials are often highly flammable and explosive. However, in recent years, non-sulfur-based reducing agents and non-toxic alternatives have gained popularity. In this year’s Spring Festival, Tianjin alone sold over 60 million yuan worth of fireworks across more than 200 varieties. Environmentally friendly firecrackers have taken center stage due to their improved safety and reduced environmental impact. Not only do they produce brighter colors when lit, but they also emit less smoke, lack the strong gunpowder smell, and leave behind fewer residues.
Traditional fireworks mainly consist of black powder, which contains sulfur, charcoal, and potassium nitrate or chlorate as oxidizers. Sulfur acts as a reducing agent and can make up 10% to 30% of the mixture. When ignited, these components react rapidly, producing gases like carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides, along with metal dust. This leads to significant air pollution, especially during the Spring Festival when many firecrackers are set off. Pollutants such as sulfur dioxide and particulate matter can exceed national limits. Fortunately, this year, the Beijing-Tianjin region enjoyed unusually good air quality, partly thanks to the use of eco-friendly fireworks.
The development of safe and green fireworks relies heavily on improving the performance of flammable agents. Traditional black powder, with its low safety profile, poses risks due to sulfur’s low ignition temperature and high sensitivity. Replacing sulfur with safer alternatives has become a key research focus, aiming to increase thermal stability, reduce sensitivity, and minimize harmful emissions.
Sulfur, when burned, releases large amounts of sulfur dioxide, which can lead to acid rain and atmospheric pollution. It is also prone to static electricity and is classified as a flammable material. To address these issues, the industry has invested in developing new, safer, and more eco-friendly ingredients. Liuyang, known as the hometown of Chinese fireworks, has successfully created a sulfur-reducing agent called “Sulfur.†Fireworks made with this iron-based compound significantly reduce sulfur dioxide emissions—by over 68% compared to traditional products. After combustion, it turns into iron oxide and sulfate, which are used in water purification and other applications, making it both environmentally beneficial and economically valuable.
“Sulfur†has a flash point of 520°C–600°C, five times higher than that of sulfur, making it much safer. It is not easily oxidized, resistant to acid corrosion, and meets national safety standards. With a price 600 yuan per ton lower than sulfur, it has great potential for widespread use in the fireworks industry.
In addition, developing safer formulas for flammable agents remains crucial. Rigorous testing is needed to ensure chemical stability and safety under various conditions. Research into new oxidants that can replace potassium chlorate—offering lower sensitivity, better stability, and greater power—is also an urgent task.
According to Xu Qiangguo, director of the Liuyang Firecracker and Fireworks Administration Bureau, Liuyang is the world’s largest fireworks production and export base. In 2007, its output exceeded 7 billion yuan, accounting for 50% of China’s domestic production and 70% of exports. The 2008 Beijing Olympics provided a major opportunity, with expected sales reaching 10 billion yuan. Behind this success lies a growing demand for safer, greener, and more sustainable fireworks, signaling a bright future for the industry.
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