broken The ore mined from the mine with a particle size of 500-1500 mm is broken up to a process with a particle size of 5-25 mm. There are crushing, crushing, chopping, etc., which are generally carried out in three sections: coarse crushing, medium crushing and fine crushing.
grinding
Mainly for grinding and impact. The crushed product is ground to a particle size of 10 to 300 μm. The ground particle size is based on useful minerals
The size of the impregnation in the ore and the method of selection are determined. Commonly used grinding equipments are: rod mills, ball mills , self-grinding mills and semi-autogenous mills. Grinding operations have high energy consumption and usually account for about half of the total energy consumption of the beneficiation . Since the 1980s, various new linings and other measures have been applied, the grinding efficiency has been improved, and the energy consumption has decreased.
Screening and grading
The material is divided into different particle size levels according to the size of the sieve mesh, which is often used to treat coarser materials. According to the different sedimentation speed of the particles in the medium (usually water), the materials are divided into different equal-grading levels, which are called classification, and are used for materials with smaller particle size. Screening and grading are the separation of materials of appropriate size during the comminution process, or the separation of materials into different particle size levels.
Washing
In order to avoid muddy materials in the mud-containing mineral raw materials, the crushing and screening equipment is required to be washed. If the raw materials contain soluble useful or harmful ingredients, they should also be washed. Washing can be carried out in a scrubber or in a screening and sorting facility .
Sorting operation
After the crushing operation, the mineral raw materials enter the sorting operation to separate the useful minerals and the gangue, or to separate the various useful minerals from each other. This is the main part of the beneficiation. The selection operation has re-election, flotation, etc.
Re-election
The difference in the specific gravity of the mineral raw material particles is used in the medium (mainly water) flow. Yes, jigging, shaker selection, chute selection, etc. Sorting reselection is wolframite, cassiterite, gold sand, coarse primary iron and manganese ore beneficiation methods; rare metals are generally applied to sorting placer. The re-selection of a wide range of particle sizes, from a few hundred millimeters to less than one millimeter, has low beneficiation costs and less environmental pollution. Where the mineral particle size is within the above range and the specific gravity difference between the components is large, it is most suitable to use re-election. Sometimes, some of the waste rock can be pre-selected by re-election (mainly heavy medium selection, jigging, etc.) and then treated by other methods to reduce the cost of mineral processing. With the increase of lean ore and fine mineral raw materials, the re-election equipment tends to be large-scale and multi-layered, and the use of composite sports equipment, such as centrifugal concentrator, shaking turnover, vibrating chute, etc., to improve the re-election of fine-grained materials effectiveness. At present, re-election has been able to effectively select 20 μm materials. Re-election is the most important election for coal.
Flotation
The difference in wettability (hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity) of water is determined by the surface of various mineral raw material particles. Usually refers to froth flotation. There are few natural hydrophobic minerals, and the collector is often added to the slurry to enhance the hydrophobicity of the minerals to be floated; various modifiers are added to increase the selectivity; the foaming agent is added and inflated to generate bubbles and make it hydrophobic. The mineral particles are attached to the bubbles and are separated by floating. Flotation can usually handle materials less than 0.2-0.3mm. In principle, it can be used to select various mineral raw materials. It is the most widely used method. Flotation can also be used to sort intermediates in smelting, ions in solution (see), and wastewater treatment. In recent years, in addition to the use of large flotation machines, flotation has also introduced some new methods for recovering fine materials (less than 5 to 10 m). For example, selective flocculation-flotation, using a flocculant to selectively form a fine floc material into a larger size floccule, and then separating by flotation (or de-sludge); shear flocculation-flotation, addition and collection After the agent is stirred at a high intensity, the fine-grained minerals are formed into flocs and then floated, and the carrier flotation, oil agglomeration and the like are carried out.
Machine selection
The boiling type concentrator is a kind of flotation, centrifugal force re-election, gas-filled flotation, and titanium jumping. As long as the specific gravity difference is 0.05, the mineral can be separated, the computer remote control can be automated, and the rotation speed can be adjusted. Desliming, agglomeration, carrier flotation. There is no concentrator that can be sorted by magnetic.
magnetic separation
Sorting is performed in an inhomogeneous magnetic field using the difference in magnetic properties of the mineral particles. Strong magnetic minerals (magnetite and pyrrhotite, etc.) are selected by weak magnetic field magnetic separator; weak magnetic minerals (hematite, siderite, ilmenite, wolframite, etc.) with strong magnetic field magnetic separator Sorting. The weak magnetic field magnetic separator is mainly an open magnetic system, which is mostly composed of permanent magnets. The strong magnetic field magnetic separator is a closed magnetic system, and an electromagnetic magnetic system is often used. Weak magnetic iron minerals can also be converted into ferromagnetic minerals by magnetization roasting, and then selected by a weak magnetic field magnetic separator. The structure of the magnetic separator is a tubular type, a belt type, a rotary ring type, a disk type, an induction roller type or the like. Magnetic pulleys are used to pre-select blocky ferromagnetic ores. The main development trend of magnetic separation is to solve the problem of recovery of fine-grained weak magnetic minerals. The Jones wet-type strong magnetic field magnetic separator invented in the 1960s promoted the selection of weak magnetic minerals. In the 1970s, a high-gradient magnetic separator with high magnetic field gradient and strength using steel wool or steel mesh as a magnetic magnetic medium and a superconducting magnetic separator with low temperature superconductor instead of normal temperature conductor were invented, which provided good for recovering fine-grain weak magnetic minerals. Prospects.
Elective selection
Sorting is performed in a high voltage electric field using the difference in electrical properties of the mineral particles. Mainly used for sorting conductors, semiconductors and non-conducting minerals. The electric separator can be divided into an electrostatic concentrator, a corona concentrator and a composite electric field electric separator according to the electric field; according to the charging method of the granules, it can be divided into a contact electrification electric separator, a corona electrification electric separator and a friction electrification electric separator. The electric separator has a narrow particle size range, low processing capacity, and raw materials need to be dried, so the application is limited; but the cost is not high, the sorting effect is good, and the pollution is less; mainly used for the selection of coarse concentrates, such as the selection of white Tungsten ore, cassiterite, zircon , rutile, ilmenite, antimony ore, monazite, etc. Electrification is also used for the classification and dedusting of mineral raw materials. The development trend of electrification is to develop equipment with high processing capacity and high efficiency in sorting fine materials.
Picking
Includes hand selection and mechanical picking. Mainly used for pre-selection of waste rock. Hand selection is based on the external characteristics of the mineral and is manually selected. Some of these mines are still in use today. Mechanical picking includes: 1 light picking, using the difference in mineral optical properties; 2X-ray picking, using the characteristics of fluorescence emitted under X-ray irradiation; 3 radiation sorting, using natural radioactive sorting of minerals such as uranium and thorium . In the 1970s, electrical sorting and magnetic picking using mineral conductivity or magnetism began to emerge.
Chemical selection
The chemical concentrates are separated and recovered by chemical methods or a combination of chemical and physical methods to obtain chemical concentrates. This method is more adaptable than the usual physical beneficiation method, has good separation effect, but has high cost, and is often used for processing mineral raw materials, intermediate products or tailings which are difficult to treat or cannot be treated by physical beneficiation methods. With the increasing complexity of complex, refractory and fine-grained mineral materials, the application of physical and chemical beneficiation processes has received increasing attention. Examples of successful application of chemical selection include cyanide gold extraction, acid leaching-precipitation-flotation, and separation-flotation treatment of copper oxide ore. ,
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