The development history of methanol vehicles in China On January 31, 2012, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology issued the “Notice on Launching the Pilot Work of Methanol Vehiclesâ€, and started the pilot projects of methanol vehicles in Shanxi Province, Shaanxi Province and Shanghai, and then further expanded to Guizhou and The two provinces of Gansu were included in the pilot scope.
Nowadays, the number of methanol vehicles that have entered the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology’s automobile products has increased from 15 to 15 models, and the number of participating companies has increased from 1 to 6 in the original Geely Automobile Group. Shaanxi Automobile Group, Shaanxi Tongjia Automobile Co., and Shanxi Successful Automobile Manufacturing Co., Ltd. The company, China National Heavy Duty Truck Jinan Truck Co., Ltd. and Zhengzhou Yutong Bus Co., Ltd. all entered the announcement. In addition to cars, methanol automotive products also include methanol/diesel dual-fuel dump trucks, vans, multi-purpose passenger vehicles and city buses. In addition, FAW, Brilliance and BAIC are also actively involved in the development of methanol vehicles.
Although methanol vehicles have only been piloted in China for three years, as a national-level research project involving “methanol fuel and automobilesâ€, China has started related work 30 years ago. During the "Sixth Five-Year Plan" period from 1983 to 1985, the National Science and Technology Committee at that time organized transportation, environmental protection, and health departments to conduct research on M15 blending technology, and systematically studied the toxicity, dynamics, and emissions of M15. And testing. Among them, 475 medium-tonnage trucks were organized in Shanxi Province to carry out commercial demonstration of M15 methanol gasoline, with a cumulative operating mileage of more than 80 million kilometers, and achieved good results. Due to the subsequent institutional reforms, the then leading unit, the National Science and Technology Commission, was withdrawn, so the matter did not go down.
Since 1987, there have been 10 Volkswagen Santana methanol cars driving in cities such as Beijing. They are the Sino-German intergovernmental science and technology cooperation project - "M100 methanol vehicle test research" project car. This cooperation project covers a wide range and lasts for a long time. From the energy efficiency and environment of coal-based methanol, the toxicology of methanol, the blending of methanol and gasoline, the use of pure methanol fuel, etc., various application experiments on methanol as a fuel for vehicles have been carried out, and a series of research conclusions have been drawn. And solutions involving the toxicity, corrosivity, durability, cold start properties of methanol, etc.
Since then, two demonstration applications have been organized. One was from 1998 to 2000, the former National Economic and Trade Commission “Methanol Fuel Vehicle (M85) Demonstration Projectâ€; the other was from 2003 to 2005, the national “Tenth Five-Year†Science and Technology Research and Development and Demonstration Application Project for Clean Vehicle Key Technologies – “Methanol Fuel Vehicle (M85-M100) Demonstration Projectâ€.
The National Standards Committee strongly supported this work and approved the establishment of three standards for methanol fuel. Among them, the standard of methanol fuel raw materials "vehicle fuel methanol" and a high proportion of "vehicle methanol gasoline (M85)" have been promulgated and implemented in November and December 2009, and the M15 low ratio methanol gasoline standard is still waiting. In the batch. Subsequently, the National Standards Committee also approved the establishment of the "National Alcohol Ether Fuel Standardization Technical Committee."
US methanol vehicle pilot situation In the mid-to-late 1990s, California, the United States began to demonstrate methanol vehicles. At that time, the United States had a capacity of 10 million tons of methanol, ranking first in the world. This is the industrial basis for its research on methanol replacement. Based on the excellent performance of methanol as a fuel for vehicle emissions, the United States began to explore the commercialization prospects of methanol vehicles.
However, when the demonstration was nearing the end, natural gas prices rose sharply, and the cost of natural gas methanol increased, and international oil prices began to fall after December 8, 1995. In addition, MTBE, an alternative to the anti-explosive tetraethyl lead, was introduced into gasoline, and methanol in the United States was used in large quantities to produce MTBE. MTBE has a better market price, so the supply of methanol is tight and the price is rising. The relationship between natural gas and oil in the international market makes methanol a fuel for vehicles and loses its economic advantage in the US market.
Later, due to the discovery of gas fields in Trinidad and Tobago in Central America, the natural gas methanol plant was rapidly increased at the end of the last century. The global production capacity and output accounted for more than 22%, and the cost was lower. Therefore, the methanol required in the United States is mainly Imports from the country have closed down their own methanol producers. Due to the loss of industrial support, methanol vehicles gradually faded out of sight in the United States.
At present, the development and utilization of shale gas in the United States has brought new opportunities for methanol production. It is reported that some natural gas methanol plants have been launched. It is reported that the methanol production capacity in the United States will reach 27 million tons in 2017, and methanol replacement may rise again in the United States.
China's methanol vehicles are difficult to make a misunderstanding 1. The pilot operation has achieved good results In the methanol vehicle pilot project organized by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Jinzhong City, Shanxi Province was the first to start, and the methanol taxi pilot was officially launched on March 13, 2013. Three methanol taxis were taken out after one year of operation and sent to Tianjin China Automotive Technology and Research Center for comprehensive testing. This year's pilot operation on March 13 was just two years, and the second vehicle inspection was carried out as planned.
In order to fully understand the pilot effect of methanol vehicles, it has carried out vehicle testing, emission testing (including routine emission and formaldehyde emission testing), environmental monitoring, and personnel physical examination for the pilot projects in Jinzhong City. Testing has proven that methanol cars have passed the test in terms of economy, environmental protection, safety, comfort and reliability.
Economically, the fuel cost of a methanol car is about 60% of that of a gasoline car. In terms of environmental protection, the indicators are 40% to 50% lower than the national standard limit, and some indicators meet the national five standards. In terms of safety, through environmental monitoring and personnel physical examination, no impact has been found on the pilot alcohol-affected personnel. For the most controversial formaldehyde emissions, the highest value is 6%~10% of the given limit of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology. In terms of comfort and reliability, the maximum speed, acceleration performance and gradeability of the vehicle inspection are equivalent to the design specifications, and the maintenance situation is basically the same as other vehicles. 2. The misunderstanding of “toxicity†is an important factor restricting the promotion of methanol vehicles. Regardless of the data collection report, vehicle inspection and overall promotion, the pilot operation was stable and normal, and achieved phased results. However, the misunderstanding of "toxicity" has caused methanol vehicles to encounter bottlenecks in the promotion process.
In each demonstration work, the safety of methanol, especially toxicity, has always been the most important issue in project implementation. In fact, in each demonstration process, there has never been a poisoning incident caused by methanol fuel. In the demonstration summary, there has been a conclusion that “normal use and safety can be guaranteedâ€. In fact, not only in China, even if the total mileage of the demonstration runs in the United States exceeds 200 million miles, there has never been any poisoning of methanol fuel. But the word "toxic" still evokes people's associations, and the imagination is greater for those who have never been exposed to methanol fuel. This point has even become a difficult point in China's policy promotion.
Methanol fuel is no different from the normal use of gasoline. The requirements for transportation, filling and other aspects are basically the same as those for gasoline and other hazardous chemicals. The focus of prevention and control is on fuel leakage. In the event of a fuel safety accident, gasoline must first prevent the occurrence of fires such as deflagration, while methanol should prevent the danger of excessive steam. In the treatment mode, pay attention to the isolation zone at the first time. The treatment method is mainly to dilute the leaked methanol fuel with water. Compared with gasoline and diesel, methanol degrades much faster in nature and does not pollute the land. It is not difficult to popularize the use of methanol fuels with current media and means.
From domestic and foreign reports and statistics on the occurrence of methanol poisoning, the poisoning caused by methanol is mainly acute poisoning. The accidental eating and eating is the most important cause of poisoning. As long as you stop eating and drinking, the problem of poisoning can be well controlled. At home and abroad, especially in the past ten years, a large number of methanol application practices in China have shown that it is safe to regulate the use of methanol fuel. The society has made tremendous progress. If our concepts, understanding and ways and means of thinking are still stagnant and cannot be synchronized with social development, it will become a factor hindering the development of things.
Why should China develop methanol alternative fuels? 1. Internal combustion engine is still the leading power of China's equipment. China's dependence on foreign oil is very high. It was 58.1% in 2013 and 59.5% in 2014. About 280 million tons of gasoline and diesel are consumed by internal combustion engines every year. In 2013 and 2014, the annual output of China's internal combustion engines was around 80 million units, with total powers of 1.8 billion kilowatts and 2 billion kilowatts respectively.
It can be seen from these two sets of data that the internal combustion engine is China's industrial advantage. The total amount of power added from 1.8 billion to 2 billion kilowatts per year exceeds the total installed capacity of China's existing power generation capacity. 1.5 times the amount. The internal combustion engine is still the leading power of automobiles, agricultural machinery, engineering machinery, ships, military equipment, emergency power supplies and other equipment.
At present, in all power units, the internal combustion engine is the highest energy. In the next 30 or even 50 years, the situation that the power system is dominated by internal combustion engines is difficult to change. Therefore, energy conservation and emission reduction must focus on the technological progress of the internal combustion engine itself. The energy-saving potential of internal combustion engines is still very large, and the introduction of direct injection technology in gasoline engines has increased energy efficiency by 10% to 15%. The reason why the emphasis on vehicle energy replacement is based on the replacement of internal combustion engine fuel is because the internal combustion of the internal combustion engine is huge, the fuel replacement and the technical progress of the internal combustion engine and the direction of energy conservation and emission reduction have continuity and consistency, and the effect is remarkable and the cost is low. 2. Energy industry transformation and upgrading need to achieve efficient and clean use of coal In recent years, coal accounted for 66% to 70% of China's total energy consumption. In the next 30 to 50 years, coal will account for a proportion of total consumption. Change, but its subject status will not change. How to achieve efficient and clean use of coal is a big problem in the transformation and upgrading of China's energy and energy industries. To promote the energy production and consumption revolution, we must take the road of clean, efficient and comprehensive utilization of coal.
Last year, the State Council executive meeting clearly stated that in addition to cogeneration, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta region are prohibited from building new high-energy-consumption and high-pollution projects such as coal-fired power generation. This is because cogeneration has higher energy efficiency. The energy efficiency of traditional power plants for coal can reach 40% to 44%, and the cogeneration of coal can achieve 70% energy utilization. The technology that is more utilized than cogeneration is coal-to-electricity polygeneration technology, which can make coal energy utilization efficiency reach 85%, and produce methanol in addition to power generation and heat supply. 3. How can methanol replacement take into account the integration of coal in internal combustion engines and energy systems in internal combustion engines and coal power systems? Methanol replacement is a good solution to this problem. Methanol is a basic chemical raw material. In addition to providing fuel for internal combustion engines, it can also extend to the downstream industrial chain. Therefore, the development of methanol vehicles is closely related to the clean, efficient and comprehensive utilization of China's coal resources. The two "protagonists" of internal combustion engine and coal and the time-space relationship between the two 30- to 50-year years are the basic starting point for us to consider methanol replacement.
While conducting alternative energy research in China, the same work is being carried out abroad, such as the United States, Europe, and Japan are all reducing the dependence of transportation energy on oil. Although the technical routes are different and the specific practices are different, they all put energy conservation at the top of the list. The general direction is the same because countries are faced with the relationship between the choice and use of transportation energy and environmental improvement; the different focuses are due to different resource endowments and different sources and proportions of energy varieties. It should be said that the transportation energy alternative development strategy of all countries in the world should meet its own conditions. 4. Energy diversification is conducive to building a clean and efficient energy development system The author believes that the meaning of energy diversification is the diversification of energy sources, the diversification of energy use methods, and the diversification of energy use technologies. These three aspects support each other and promote mutual integration to ensure China's clean and efficient energy development system. This requires us not to be inferior to the new energy issue, and it should not be artificially set.
The utilization level and utilization efficiency of energy resources are important indicators of the overall economic competitiveness of the country. According to some sources, coal-to-liquid is a product of high oil prices, and the oil price of $70 is its break-even point. The energy utilization efficiency of coal is 36%, it can only be used as fuel, and there is no industrial chain. The technical route for producing olefins from coal to methanol, the ratio of methanol to olefin is 3:1; while methanol is directly used as fuel, the current substitution ratio with gasoline is no more than 1.8:1, and the latest experimental data reaches 1.5:1. . Therefore, methanol is directly used as a fuel, and the utilization efficiency is doubled.
Methanol vehicles, in the final analysis, are energy issues, and are the transformation, utilization, and routing of energy resources. For China, it is about reducing oil dependence and basing itself on solving national energy security problems.
Key points for the development of methanol vehicles in China 1. Technical key points Compared with gasoline, the key technical points of methanol are cold start, corrosion and swelling, and exhaust emissions.
The latent heat of vaporization of methanol is high, and the low intake air temperature may cause ignition difficulties and is difficult to start. At present, the technical route of methanol vehicles is to use gasoline ignition and preheating, and automatically switch to the methanol state after the engine heat engine. This technical route was determined in 2006, when the National Development and Reform Commission was conducting alternative energy research, and everyone attached importance to unconventional emissions (mainly formaldehyde and unburned methanol). The high period of vehicle emissions is in the ignition phase, high concentration of mixture is required during ignition, and insufficient combustion is easy to discharge unburned methanol.
In order to circumvent this problem, Geely Maple Motor Co., Ltd., with the help of the Shanghai Internal Combustion Engine Research Institute, adopted the technical route of “gasoline ignition and heat engine switchingâ€. From the test data of the vehicle system and the actual situation that can guarantee the normal operation of commercialization, this technical route is basically mature, but the overall level is still in the primary stage, because the methanol burning of gasoline engine is not a methanol vehicle in a strict sense. The energy efficiency of methanol as an internal combustion engine fuel has not been fully realized. Its octane number is as high as 112, and the engine can increase the compression ratio by 2~3. Therefore, there is still a lot of room for improvement in technology.
The diesel/methanol dual-fuel technology developed by Tianjin University adopts diesel ignition, and after the heat engine (65 °C) methanol fuel is involved, the methanol injection amount is controlled in real time according to the load condition of the vehicle, and the methanol and diesel dual fuel blending is realized. The diesel replacement amount is up to about 36%, the nitrogen oxides are greatly reduced, the emission is increased by one level, and the SCR can be eliminated, which is a great advantage. 2. The key points of marketing are mainly the scale problem. (1) The government needs to introduce incentive policies. The production of methanol vehicles and methanol fuels is relatively easy to achieve, but the systemization of the use of methanol vehicles and the supply and distribution of methanol fuels is the market. problem. While respecting the laws of the market and relying on market forces, it also needs the encouragement of state policies and the preferential taxation. Because companies can make up their minds, they often have to look at the attitude of the government.
Shanxi Province has many years of operation of methanol fuel, and the pilot work has been carried out smoothly. The local government's encouragement policy has been introduced, which provides a good foundation for the promotion of methanol vehicles. On October 28, 2014, the General Office of the People's Government of Shanxi Province issued the “Several Policy Measures for Accelerating the Development and Promotion of New Energy Vehicle Industry in Shanxi Provinceâ€, and included methanol vehicles in the scope of “new energy vehiclesâ€, and subsidized and supported them. . With incentive policies and measures, it will stimulate the enthusiasm of enterprises and consumers. This also shows that Shanxi Province has already had the basic conditions for first-time trial and market-oriented promotion.
(2) Development path: According to the actual situation of gas vehicle development at home and abroad in the vehicle modification and cultivation market, its development path is “to optimize the use of vehicles, prioritize the development of the market; market demand, promote the follow-up of vehicle enterprises†"The mode."
For the promotion of methanol vehicles, the main problem is the long time and high cost. From the perspective of consumers, the purchase of new cars is large; from the perspective of automobile production, there is no clear market expectation, and it is difficult to stimulate the enthusiasm of vehicle companies to participate. The key to solving this problem is to prioritize the development of vehicles, and to cultivate the market first. It takes only a few hundred yuan or thousands of yuan to refit a methanol car. It is 1/80~1/100 of the new car. The investment of the modified car can be recovered in a short time. The cost is small and the market is easy to accept. Moreover, the modified car can be added with gasoline without methanol, which is very flexible.
Prioritizing the development of vehicles is an effective way to reduce development costs. On the issue of modified cars, local governments can make a difference. It is very important to formulate standards, carry out the construction of systems and regulations, and coordinate the interests of various departments. This is the basis for ensuring the orderly operation of the modification. In addition, economic support is also critical. Since 2008, Shanxi Province has used energy conservation and emission reduction funds to subsidize methanol-modified vehicles for three years. In the past three years, a total of 16,000 vehicles have been modified, with a total subsidy of 22.5 million yuan. This subsidy is only equivalent to 1% to 2% of the subsidy for electric vehicles. Practice has proved that with the foundation of the previous modified car operation, the pilot operation will be smoother.
However, in the process of modification, the government also needs to regulate, guide and supervise. Take Shanxi Province as an example. At present, there are three companies that are in the process of rebuilding vehicles. However, there are still many enterprises engaged in the modified version of the cottage version. “It is only changed without maintenance.†This is easy to cause problems, so it requires government supervision. And specifications. In addition, the modified service must also keep up with the insurance and other issues, but not change it.
The author believes that the development of methanol vehicles requires two legs to walk: one is the methanol vehicle pilot organized by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, and is strictly implemented in accordance with the documents and requirements already issued; the other is the civilian transformation of vehicles in use, the key is to regulate. If the modified enterprise can be linked with the OEM, and the integration with the technology of the OEM can make the modification more targeted, achieve precise docking and seamless connection, and the modification effect will be qualitatively improved. (3) Fully The advantage of using the existing network to develop a fuel filling system to develop methanol replacement is the low overall social cost. In addition to relying on the advantages of China's automobile manufacturing and methanol production, it is mainly reflected in the ability to use the original gasoline and diesel filling network. To renovate a filling facility, it is only necessary to thoroughly clean the tank and replace the filling machine. The cost is only 100,000 yuan, and the small expenditure can make the existing resources better utilized. Compared to the construction of gas and electric vehicle charging networks, the cost and cost of a methanol fueling system is much lower. The production of methanol vehicles is not a high-end manufacturing, but the promotion of methanol vehicles fully reflects the development concept of “new normal†of quality, efficiency and environmental protection. Its promotion is a social system engineering. The development of methanol replacement is not just to promote methanol vehicles. It is an aspect that is linked with the chemical products in the coal-based polygeneration technology output, which represents the clean, efficient and comprehensive coal in China. The development direction of utilization is also an important measure to reduce gasoline and diesel consumption and ensure national security.
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