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Solar drying technology application prospects and overview

Energy is a fundamental material basis for economic development and social progress. As China's economy continues to grow and people's living standards improve, the demand for energy has also risen significantly. Currently, China is the world's second-largest energy consumer, with its consumption equivalent to about one-third of that of the United States. However, with a large population, China's per capita resource availability is less than half of the global average. To achieve the goal of doubling GDP by 2020 compared to 2000, energy consumption is expected to at least double from 2000 levels, intensifying the gap between supply and demand. Conventional energy sources such as coal, oil, and natural gas are non-renewable and will eventually be depleted. Additionally, the rapid increase in energy demand has led to severe environmental pollution, putting immense pressure on both energy resources and the environment. China's energy efficiency remains low, with energy consumption per unit of GDP being three times the global average, four to six times higher than in developed countries, 3.5 times that of the U.S., and ten times that of Japan. Experts estimate that considering environmental pollution factors, China’s GDP could decrease by approximately two percentage points due to the high cost of air pollution control, which is about ten times the cost of fuel. The growing air pollution not only causes significant economic losses but also poses serious threats to public health. According to the World Bank, pollution-related diseases account for 2-3% of China's GDP, and around 400,000 people die prematurely each year due to air pollution. Many people across the country are exposed to varying degrees of water pollution. In April 2006, the State Energy Leadership Group, chaired by Premier Wen Jiabao, emphasized that the energy issue is crucial to China's economic development, social stability, and national security. It called for a balanced approach to energy conservation and development, urging more effective measures to promote energy efficiency and the development of renewable energy sources. The energy supply-demand contradiction will persist for a long time, and ensuring energy security and building a stable, economical, and clean energy system is a major long-term strategic task for China's modernization. Drying processes play a significant role in the national economy and are among the largest energy consumers in China, accounting for about 12% of total national energy use. In some industries, such as wood drying, energy consumption can reach 40%-70% of the total. Moreover, pollution from the drying process is a key source of environmental pollution, making energy saving and environmental protection in drying technologies extremely important. Solar energy is a clean, abundant, and renewable resource. Every year, the solar radiation reaching Earth is about 10,000 times greater than the current global energy consumption. China is rich in solar resources, with over two-thirds of the country receiving more than 2,200 hours of annual sunshine, and total radiation exceeding 5,000 MJ/m². The solar energy available in China is equivalent to over 2,000 times the energy provided by all conventional energy sources. The annual total solar radiation across the country ranges from 3,340 to 8,400 MJ/m², with a median of 5,852 MJ/m². Regions like Tibet, Qinghai, Xinjiang, and parts of southern China have particularly high solar radiation, while Sichuan, Guizhou, and Chongqing have the lowest. Solar drying is especially suitable for agricultural products, with temperatures usually below 60°C, preserving the nutritional value of food. Using solar pre-drying for wood not only saves energy but also prevents cracking and deformation caused by high drying temperatures. Globally, solar drying technology has been widely researched and applied, particularly in developed countries like the U.S., Germany, the UK, and Japan. Since the 1970s and 1980s, many countries have established solar drying systems, ranging from small to large-scale. In the U.S., commercial solar dryers are popular among small users, while in India, Thailand, Indonesia, and other countries, small-scale applications are common. In tropical and subtropical regions, solar drying is widely used for grains, tobacco, fruits, and other crops. For example, Thailand uses solar dryers to dry grains during off-seasons and also dries peppers, coffee beans, and shrimp, allowing for year-round profitability. Solar drying has proven to save 30%-40% of conventional energy. Even in humid areas like Malaysia, simple and low-cost solar dryers are promoted. In India, solar dryers with capacities up to 1,000 kg/day are in use, and similar systems exist for drying peppers and other crops. Indonesia mainly uses greenhouse-type solar dryers, often combined with wood chips for heating. Although the application of solar-powered wood drying is still limited globally, there are over 300 solar wood drying rooms worldwide, with nearly 20 in China. Most of these are small greenhouses with volumes under 10 m³. Large-scale solar dryers with over 500 m² of solar area have been built in several countries, indicating the growing maturity of this technology. Internationally, solar drying technology has shown clear trends: it focuses on agricultural products and wood, aims to improve thermal efficiency and reduce costs, and emphasizes practicality and the use of low-cost materials. Many countries offer incentives, such as tax breaks, subsidies, and interest-free loans, to promote solar energy use. These efforts highlight the increasing importance of solar drying in addressing energy and environmental challenges.

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